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Dr. Andrew Lim 30 New Crossing Rd Reading Ma

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Techniques claiming to meliorate the ability to read chop-chop

Speed reading is any of many techniques claiming to improve ane's power to read speedily. Speed-reading methods include chunking and minimizing subvocalization. The many available speed-reading grooming programs may utilize books, videos, software, and seminars. There is fiddling scientific evidence regarding speed reading, and as a result its value seems uncertain. Cerebral neuroscientist Stanislas Dehaene says that claims of reading upwards to 1,000 words per minute "must be viewed with skepticism".[one]

History [edit]

The concept of modern speed reading was thought to have formed in the belatedly 1950s, when Evelyn Wood, a schoolteacher, began to coin the term. It is said that she was curious to empathize why some people were naturally faster at reading, so tried to strength herself to read very speedily. In 1958, while brushing off the pages of a volume she had thrown, she noticed that the sweeping movement of her hand across the page caught the attention of her eyes, and helped them move more smoothly across the page. She then used the manus equally a pacer. Wood get-go taught the method at the University of Utah, before launching it to the public as Evelyn Wood'southward Reading Dynamics in Washington, D.C. in 1959.[2]

Methods & Principles [edit]

Skimming and scanning [edit]

Skimming is a process of speed reading that involves visually searching the sentences of a page for clues to the main idea or when reading an essay, it tin mean reading the beginning and ending for summary information, and then optionally the starting time sentence of each paragraph to quickly decide whether to seek all the same more detail, as adamant past the questions or purpose of the reading.[3] [4] [5] [half-dozen] [7] For some people, this comes naturally, but is usually acquired by practise. Skimming is usually seen more in adults than in children. It is conducted at a higher rate (700 words per minute and higher up) than normal reading for comprehension (effectually 200–230 wpm), and results in lower comprehension rates,[8] especially with information-rich reading material.

Scanning is the procedure where one actively looks for information using a mind-map (organizing data in a visually hierarchical manner that showcases the interrelatedness of the data for better retrievability) formed from skimming.[ citation needed ] These techniques are used by meta-guiding your eyes. Scanning includes the main signal too as headings and important information.

Meta guiding [edit]

Meta guiding is the visual guiding of the centre using a finger or pointer, such equally a pen, in club for the eye to move faster along the length of a passage of text. It involves drawing invisible shapes on a page of text in guild to augment the visual span for speed reading. For example, an audition of customers at a speed reading seminar will exist instructed to use a finger or pen to make these shapes on a page and told that this volition speed upwards their visual cortex, increase their visual span to accept in the whole line, and fifty-fifty imprint the data into their subconscious for later on retrieval. It has besides been claimed to reduce subvocalization (proverb words in your caput rather than grasping the idea), thereby speeding up reading. Considering this encourages the middle to skim over the text, information technology can reduce comprehension and memory, and pb to missing important details of the text. An emphasis on viewing each word, albeit briefly without regression (Regression is an unconscious process where the eyes get forward two or three "stops" and and so go back.) is required for this method to be effective. E.g. S motion and Z movement.[ clarification needed ]

Speed reading is a skill honed through practice. Reading a text involves comprehension of the material. In speed reading practice this is done through multiple reading processes: preview, overview, read, review and recite; and past read and recall (recording through writing a short summary or a mental outline) exercises.[nine] Another important method for better comprehension is the SQ3R process. These processes help an individual to retain most of the presented ideas from a reading material. A better focus in comprehension is attained through a better reading process with good understanding of the topic.[ clarification needed ]

Types of reading [edit]

There are three types of reading:

  1. Subvocalization: sounding out each word internally, every bit reading to yourself. This is the slowest course of reading.
  2. Auditory reading: hearing out the read words. This is a faster process.
  3. Visual reading: agreement the significant of the give-and-take, rather than sounding or hearing. This is the fastest procedure.

Subvocalization readers (Mental readers) generally read at approximately 250 words per minute, auditory readers at approximately 450 words per minute and visual readers at approximately 700 words per minute. Proficient readers are able to read 280–350 wpm without compromising comprehension.[10]

Effect on comprehension [edit]

Skimming is mainly used for researching and getting an overall idea of a text, especially when time is limited. Duggan & Payne (2009) compared skimming with reading unremarkably, given only enough fourth dimension to read normally through one-half of a text. They found that the master points of the full text were amend understood after skimming (which could view the full text) than after normal reading (which only read one-half the text). In that location was no difference between the groups in their understanding of less of import information from the text.[11] Skimming or skipping over text can besides aid in comprehension when layered reading, a process of strategic rereading, is employed.[12] Farther findings suggest that trained speed readers have a slight advantage in both comprehension and speed to untrained skimmers. It is thus suggested by experts that speed-reading is most useful to those who need "to skim a large amount of material or need to amend their report skills" and less useful to those who read "highly technical material that requires careful written report of each sentence"[13]

Software [edit]

Eye exercise for speed reading

Calculator programs are bachelor to assistance instruct speed reading students. Some programs present the data every bit a series stream, since the brain handles text more efficiently by breaking it into such a stream earlier parsing and interpreting it.[ citation needed ] The 2000 National Reading Panel (NRP) study (p. 3-1) seems to support such a mechanism.

To increment speed, some older programs required readers to view the center of the screen while the lines of text around it grew longer. They as well presented several objects (instead of text) that motility line by line or bounciness around the screen. Users had to follow the object(s) with but their eyes. A number of researchers criticize using objects instead of words as an effective training method, claiming that the simply way to read faster is to read actual text. Many of the newer speed reading programs employ congenital-in text, and they primarily guide users through the lines of an on-screen book at defined speeds. Often, the text is highlighted to indicate where users should focus their eyes. They are not expected to read by pronouncing the words but instead to read past viewing the words every bit complete images. The exercises are also intended to train readers to eliminate subvocalization.

Controversies in speed reading [edit]

Common controversies in speed reading are between its intent and nature with traditional concepts like comprehension vs speed; reading vs skimming; popular psychology vs evidence-based psychology. Much of the controversy is raised over these points. This is mainly because a reading comprehension level of 50% is deemed unusable past some educationalists.[fourteen] Advocates merits that speed reading is a corking success and that it is a sit-in of good comprehension for many purposes.[15] The trade-off between speed and comprehension must be analyzed with respect to the type of reading that is being done, the risks associated with misunderstanding due to low comprehension, and the benefits associated with getting through the material quickly and gaining information at the bodily charge per unit is to be obtained. Mark Seidenberg considers claims similar reading 25,000 words per minute "cannot be true given basic facts nearly eyes and texts". He goes on to say that "people are equally likely to read thousands of words per minute as they are to run faster than the speed of light". Marshall McLuhan was initially a convert to speed reading, nonetheless later concluded it was simply useful for tasks like "scanning junk mail".[xvi]

A plot of the eye movements of a speed reader

Similarly, in evaluating a claim that a similar reading strategy known equally PhotoReading could increment reading rates to 25,000 words per minute, McNamara published a preliminary analysis funded past NASA to evaluate whether this strategy could improve reading speed, comprehension, and data gathering efficiency. When identical versions of five reading samples and accompanying reading comprehension tests were administered to a trainee and an expert in this reading strategy, at that place was no advantage in overall reading time or comprehension. This strategy may also cause overestimation of one's knowledge, as demonstrated by the following example in McNamara's preliminary analysis, showing bear witness of the Dunning-Kruger outcome:[17]

The final task given to the PhotoReading expert was to read the three chapters from the textbook on Physiology in order to accept an exam from a course that used that textbook. The question was simply: Would she pass the test? The skilful took 73 minutes to PhotoRead and read the three capacity of the textbook required for the test (i.e., 361 words per minute). She PhotoRead for 9 minutes the nighttime earlier taking the test. The following morning, she read the text using diverse rapid reading and activation techniques. She then answered the questions. She completed the 6 true/false and 30 multiple choice questions, simply did not try to answer the fill-in-the-blank or curt-answer questions. Hence, comprehension functioning on the conceptual questions was 0 percent. She answered 2 of 7 multiple-choice prior noesis questions correctly (29%). Of the text relevant questions, she answered 4 of 6 truthful/simulated questions correctly (67%), and 8 of 23 multiple-pick question correctly (35%). This functioning is extremely low and only slightly above chance level functioning for these types of questions (i.e., 50% and 25%, respectively). In sum, she did not pass the exam.

It is important to note that after PhotoReading the text (but before taking the test), she rated her agreement of the material every bit 4.5 on a 5-point calibration (5 representing a skilful agreement). Moreover, she estimated that she would remember approximately 68 percent of the material for the exam, with a grade of C+. This high level of conviction in terms of her text comprehension would have remained unshattered had she not then taken the test – after which she rated her comprehension much lower (i.e., 2)

In a 2016 article[18] published in the journal of 'Psychological Science in the Public Interest', the authors conclude there is no 'magic bullet' for reading more than rapidly while maintaining comprehension other than to practise reading and to become a more skilled linguistic communication user (e.g. through increased vocabulary). The authors proceed with debunking common speed reading techniques such as eliminating sub-vocalization, reading more than one word at a fourth dimension a.grand.a. grouping, using RSVP (Rapid Serial Visual Presentation), increasing peripheral vision, alternate colors for each line of text.

U.S. President John F. Kennedy was a proponent of speed reading,[19] encouraging his staff to accept lessons, and he suggested in an interview that he had a reading speed of 1,200 words per minute.[xx] U.S. President Jimmy Carter, and his wife Rosalynn, were both avid readers and enrolled in a speed-reading grade at the White House,[21] along with several staff members.

Ronald Carver, a professor of teaching research and psychology, claims that the fastest college graduate readers can read only about 600 words per minute, at most twice equally fast every bit their slowest counterparts, and suggests that Kennedy's claimed reading speed was more a measure of how fast he could skim a piece of text.[22] Other critics have suggested that speed reading is really skimming, not reading.[23]

The Earth Championship Speed Reading Contest stresses reading comprehension as critical. The peak contestants typically read effectually 1,000 to 2,000 words per minute with approximately 50% comprehension or above. The vi fourth dimension world champion Anne Jones is recorded for 4200wpm with previous exposure to the cloth and 67% comprehension. The recorded number of words the eye can see in single fixation is three words.[24]

"Speed Reading Earth Tape" claims have been controversial. Howard Stephen Berg from the Us has claimed to be the Guinness World Tape holder for fast reading with a speed of 25,000 words per minute,[25] and Maria Teresa Calderon from the Philippines claims to have earned the Guinness World Record for World's Fastest Reader at 80,000 words per minute reading speed and 100% comprehension. [26] Critics bespeak out that information technology is possible to crush some speed reading world records by reading a pre-read or pre-memorized text, flipping the pages every bit fast every bit possible without reading it. The Guinness Speed Reading Globe Tape Standards are non known and they accept terminated[ when? ] adding speed readers to its honor list. In 2015, Memoriad, the World Mental Sports Federation, set the rules for "Speed Reading World Tape Standards" in order to prevent unclear claims.[27] [28]

See also [edit]

  • Incremental reading – reading method aimed at long-term memorization
  • Learning styles
  • Learning to read
  • Pareto principle
  • Ho-hum reading − intentional reduction in the speed of reading
  • TL;DR an abridgement for "Too Long; Didn't Read"

References [edit]

  1. ^ Dehaene, Stanislas (26 Oct 2010). Reading in the Encephalon. New York: Penguin Books. pp. 17–18. ISBN978-0-14311-805-3.
  2. ^ Frank, Stanley D. (1994). Retrieve Everything You Read: The Evelyn Woods Seven-Day Speed Reading and Learning Program. Cambridge University Press. p. 40. ISBN978-1-56619-402-0.
  3. ^ "Study Skills – Effective reading strategies". Charles Darwin Academy . Retrieved 11 August 2017.
  4. ^ "How to read an academic article – role 7". Len M Holmes.org.uk . Retrieved 11 August 2017.
  5. ^ "How to read an academic article – office 1". Len M Holmes.org.u.k. . Retrieved 11 August 2017.
  6. ^ Keshav, S. (17 Feb 2016). "How to Read a Paper" (PDF). University of Waterloo . Retrieved xi Baronial 2017.
  7. ^ "Paragraphs and Topic Sentences". Indiana Academy . Retrieved 11 August 2017.
  8. ^ Just, Marcel Adam; Carpenter, Patricia A. (1987). Speedreading: The Psychology of Reading and Language Comprehension. Newton, MA: Allyn & Bacon. ISBN978-0-20508-760-0. Archived from the original on 17 April 2015. Retrieved fifteen May 2016.
  9. ^ Brownish, Emily (23 June 2017). "Method to Improve Reading Speed". GetAcademicHelp.com.
  10. ^ "Speed Reading". The University of Chicago Student Wellness and Counseling Services. Archived from the original on 7 March 2018. Retrieved xxx December 2017.
  11. ^ Duggan, G.B.; Payne, Southward.J. (September 2009). "Text skimming: the procedure and effectiveness of foraging through text nether time pressure level" (PDF). J Exp Psychol Appl. xv (three): 228–242. doi:10.1037/a0016995. PMID 19751073.
  12. ^ Lemov, Doug; Driggs, Colleen; Woolway, Erica (2016). Reading Reconsidered: A Applied Guide to Rigorous Literacy Instruction. John Wiley & Sons. p. 63. ISBN978-i-11910-424-7.
  13. ^ Vanderlinde, William (2018). "Speed Reading: Fact or Fiction?". Skeptical Inquirer. 42 (4): 47–49.
  14. ^ Carver, Ronald P. (1992). "Reading Rate: Theory, Enquiry, and Applied Implications". Periodical of Reading. 36 (ii): 84–95.
  15. ^ Buzan, Tony (2006). The Speed Reading Book. Harlow: BBC Agile. ISBN978-ane-4066-1021-5.
  16. ^ Seidenberg, Mark (2017). Linguistic communication at the Speed of Sight: How We Read, Why So Many Can't, and What Can Be Done About It. New York City: Bones Books. pp. 70–84. ISBN978-0-46508-065-half-dozen.
  17. ^ McNamara, Danielle Due south. (30 September 1999). "Preliminary Analysis of PhotoReading" (PDF). NASA Technical Reports Server . Retrieved 13 December 2018.
  18. ^ Rayner, Keith; Schotter, Elizabeth R.; Masson, Michael E. J.; Potter, Mary C.; Treiman, Rebecca (xiv Jan 2016). "Then Much to Read, So Little Time". Psychological Science in the Public Interest. 17 (1): 4–34. doi:10.1177/1529100615623267. ISSN 1529-1006. PMID 26769745.
  19. ^ Schoenberg, Philip Ernest (2000). "John F. Kennedy on Leadership". The Presidential Expert. Archived from the original on 24 February 2009.
  20. ^ Noah, Timothy (18 February 2000). "JFK, Speed-Reader". Slate. Archived from the original on 10 February 2013. Retrieved 13 March 2019.
  21. ^ "American Feel". PBS. 2002. Archived from the original on 8 September 2005.
  22. ^ Noah, Timothy (18 February 2000). "The 1,000-Word Dash". Slate.
  23. ^ Carroll, Robert T. (26 Oct 2015). "Speed-reading". The Skeptic'south Lexicon.
  24. ^ Bremer, Rod (2011). The Transmission: A Guide to the Ultimate Study Method (second ed.). Fons Sapientiae Publishing. ISBN978-0-99349-640-0.
  25. ^ "Howard Berg "World'south Fastest Reader" on Good 24-hour interval Tampa Bay, Pull a fast one on thirteen Tampa, 02-16-13". YouTube. 17 February 2013. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021.
  26. ^ "World'due south fastest reader (80,000 words per minute)". YouTube. xi September 2013. Archived from the original on 21 Dec 2021.
  27. ^ "Speed Reading World Record Standards". Memoriad.com.
  28. ^ "Speed Reading World Record Standards - Memoriad". YouTube. 9 July 2016. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021.

Further reading [edit]

  • Carver, Ronald P. (1990). Reading Rate: A Review of Inquiry and Theory. San Diego: Bookish Printing. ISBN978-0-12162-420-0.
  • Cunningham, A. E.; Stanovich, K. East.; Wilson, 1000. R. (1990). "Cerebral Variation in Adult Higher Students Differing in Reading Ability". In Carr, Thomas H.; Levy, Betty Ann (eds.). Reading and its Development: Component Skills Approaches. New York City: Academic Press. pp. 129–159. ISBN978-0-12160-645-9.
  • A Review of the Research on the Instructional Effectiveness of AceReader. Report No. 258 (PDF) (Report). Educational Inquiry Institute of America. 2006.
  • "FTC Action against Kevin Trudeau". Quackwatch.org. 23 July 2000.
  • "Announced Actions for June nineteen, 1998". Federal Trade Commission. 19 June 1998.
  • Harris, Albert J.; Sipay, Edward R. (1990). How to Increase Reading Power (9th ed.). New York City: Longman. ISBN978-0-80130-246-6.
  • Homa, Donald (1983). "An assessment of 2 "extraordinary" speed-readers". Bulletin of the Psychonomic Lodge. 21 (2): 123–126. doi:10.3758/BF03329973.
  • Just, Marcel Adam; Carpenter, Patricia A. (1987). Speedreading: The Psychology of Reading and Linguistic communication Comprehension. Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon. ISBN978-0-20508-760-0.
  • McBride, Vearl Grand. (1973). Damn the School System – Full Speed Ahead!. New York City: Exposition Press. ISBN978-0-68247-695-9.
  • "Chapter 3: Fluency". Pedagogy Children To Read : An Evidence-Based Assessment of the Scientific Inquiry Literature on Reading and its Implications for Reading Instruction : Reports of the Subgroups (PDF) (Written report). Washington, D.C.: National Reading Console. 2000. p. 3-1.
  • Nell, Victor (1988). "The Psychology of Reading for Pleasure. Needs and Gratifications". Reading Research Quarterly. 23 (1): 6–50. doi:10.2307/747903.
  • Perfetti, Charles A. (1985). Reading Ability. New York Metropolis: Oxford University Printing. ISBN978-0-19503-501-8.
  • Roesler, Peter (2021). Principles of Speed Reading (PDF). Duesseldorf, Germany: exclam. ISBN978-3-943736-12-0.
  • Schmitz, Wolfgang (2013). Schneller lesen – besser verstehen [Reading faster – understanding amend] (in German). Hamburg: Rowohlt Taschenbuch Verlag. ISBN978-3-49963-045-3.
  • Scheele, Paul R. (1996). The PhotoReading Whole Mind System (2nd ed.). Wayzata, Minn: Learning Strategies Corp. ISBN978-0-92548-052-1.
  • Stancliffe, George D. (2003). Speed Reading 4 Kids (3rd ed.). Signal Roberts, WA: The American Speed Reading Projection. ISBN978-0-97141-762-5.
  • Wood, Evelyn Nielsen; Barrows, Marjorie Wescott (1958). Reading Skills. New York City: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
  • Davis, Zach (2009). PoweReading. Informationswelle nutzen, Zeit sparen, Effektivität steigern [PoweReading. Utilize the information wave, save time, increase effectiveness] (in High german). Munich: Peoplebuilding Verlag. ISBN978-iii-98095-360-iii.
  • "Reading: Skimming and scanning". BBC Skillswise . Retrieved 13 August 2019.

External links [edit]

  • Sorry, But Speed Reading Won't Aid You Read More than
  • Golovatyi, Aleksandr (5 July 2019). "How To Read 3x Faster: Some Communication from Readlax". Medium.com.
  • Ferriss, Tim (13 May 2014). "How I Learned to Read 300 Percent Faster in 20 Minutes". Huffington Post.
  • Dunning, Brian (26 October 2010). "Skeptoid #229: Speed Reading". Skeptoid.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_reading

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