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Standardised military clothes

This article is about standardised military dress. For armed services protective article of clothing, see Armour.

A military compatible is a standardised dress worn by members of the armed forces and paramilitaries of diverse nations.

Armed forces dress and styles accept gone through significant changes over the centuries, from colourful and elaborate, ornamented vesture until the 19th century, to utilitarian cover-up uniforms for field and battle purposes from World War I (1914–1918) on. Armed services uniforms in the class of standardised and distinctive clothes, intended for identification and display, are typically a sign of organised armed services forces equipped by a key authority.

Armed services uniforms differ non just according to war machine units but tend to likewise be offered in different levels of formality in accord with Western clothes codes: full dress uniform for formal clothing, mess apparel uniform for semi-formal wear, service dress compatible for informal clothing, and gainsay uniform (besides called "boxing/field dress") which would equal casual wear. Sometimes added to the casual wear category is concrete training uniforms.

History [edit]

A distinction should be made between uniforms and indigenous dress. If a particular people or culture favoured a distinctive wearing apparel style this could easily create the impression of uniformly dressed warriors. The effect is farther complicated past the distinctive features (weapons, armour, fighting mode and native dress) of particularly effective warrior classes often beingness copied. Thus the distinctive and colourful wear of the Hungarian hussars became a model for hussar units all over Europe. The kilts and sporrans of Scottish Highland clans were distilled into regimental apparel when the British Ground forces started to recruit from these tribal groups.

Mercenary or irregular fighters could likewise develop their ain fashions, which fix them apart from civilians, merely were not really uniforms. The habiliment of the German Landsknechte of the 16th century is an example of distinctive military machine fashion. Special units such every bit Zouaves developed non-standard uniforms to distinguish them from troops of the line.

Antiquity [edit]

There are a few recorded attempts at compatible clothes in antiquity, going across the similarity to be expected of ethnic or tribal wearing apparel. One instance is the Spanish infantry of Hannibal who wore white tunics with crimson edgings. Another is the Spartan hoplite in his scarlet garment.^[1] The Terracotta Regular army discovered in the tomb of the get-go Emperor of Mainland china (c. 200 BC) accept a superficial similarity but closer examination shows up to 7 different styles of armour, which do not announced to accept been standardised within split up units.

Rome [edit]

The legions of the Roman Republic and Empire had a fairly standardised dress and armour, particularly from approximately the early to mid 1st century onward, when Lorica Segmentata (segmented armour) was introduced.^[2] Still the lack of unified product for the Roman regular army meant that there were still considerable differences in particular. Even the armour produced in country factories varied according to the province of origin.^[3] Fragments of surviving clothing and wall paintings betoken that the basic tunic of the Roman soldier was of un-dyed (off-white) or ruddy-dyed wool.^[4] Senior commanders are known to take worn white cloaks and plumes. Centurions – the century commanders who made upward the long serving backbone of the legions – were distinguished by transverse crests on their helmets, various chest ornaments (phaleræ) corresponding to mod medals, torques (a symbol borrowed from the Gauls and likewise used every bit a armed services honor), and the vine stick (Vitis) that they carried every bit a marker of their function.

While some auxiliary cohorts in the late Roman period had carried shields with distinctive colours or designs, there is no bear witness that whatever 1 Roman legion was distinguished from another by features other than the numbers on the leather covers protecting their shields.^[5]

Post-classical era [edit]

The feudal organization of Western Europe provided instances of distinguishing features denoting allegiance to one or some other lord. These however seldom went beyond colours and patterns painted on shields or embroidered on surcoats. Orders of military monks such as the Knights Templar or Hospitaller wore mantles respectively of white (with red crosses on the shoulder) or black (with white crosses) over the usual pattern of armour for their periods. In the afterward part of the Medieval period instances of standardised clothing being issued for particular campaigns began to occur. English examples included the white coats worn by Norfolk levies recruited in 1296 and the green and white clothing that identified Cheshire archers during the 14th century.^[6]

The regular thematic (provincial) and Tagmata (cardinal) troops of the Byzantine Empire (E Roman) are the first known soldiers to take had what would now be considered regimental or unit of measurement identification. During the tenth century, each of the cavalry "banda" making upward these forces is recorded as having plumes and other distinctions in a distinctive colour. Officers wore a waist sash or pekotarion, which may have been of dissimilar colours co-ordinate to rank.^[7]

Early modern era [edit]

European regimental dress [edit]

Facing colours were introduced to distinguish the various regiments. Here, the Régiment du Lyonnais with scarlet and green facings on the standard grey uniform (1720–1734)

The styles and decoration of military uniforms varied immensely with the status, image, and resources of the military throughout the ages. Uniform dress became the norm with the adoption of regimental systems, initially past the French regular army in the mid-17th century. Before 1600 a few German and Dutch regiments had worn red or xanthous coats. From nearly 1626 onwards some Swedish infantry had been issued with standard coloured dress under Gustavus Adolphus (hence his "yellowish" or "blue" regiments).^[eight] However, virtually levies of the 15th and 16th centuries wore civilian clothes and regiments were dressed at the expense of their colonels in whatever mode and colours the colonel preferred. Even Royal guards would sometimes only be issued with distinctive coloured or embroidered surcoats to wear over ordinary habiliment. To assistance armies distinguish friend from foe, scarves, pieces of foliage, or other makeshift identification known equally "field signs" would exist worn,^[9] (a practice still recognised under international humanitarian police force and the laws of war as a "distinctive sign").^[10] Field signs were easily removed or donned,^[9] as in the instance of John Smith, a squire on the Royalist side who at the Battle of Edgehill put on the orange scarf of the Parliamentarians and with no more elaborate disguise recaptured the royal standard from the Earl of Essex's own secretarial assistant.^[11]

Past this time, in French republic at least, the full general character of the clothes and accoutrements to exist worn on various occasions was strictly regulated past orders. But uniformity of clothing was non to exist expected so long as the "enlistment" organization prevailed and soldiers were taken in and dismissed at the beginning and end of every campaign. The beginnings of uniform are therefore to be found in truly national armies, in the Indelta of Gustavus Adolphus, and the English armies of the English Civil War. In the earlier years of the latter, though the richer colonels uniformed their men (for instance, the Marquess of Newcastle's "Whitecoats" and King Charles'due south own red-coated Lifeguard of foot), the rustics and the citizens turned out for war in their ordinary rough clothes, donning armour and sword-belt. But in 1645 the Long Parliament raised an regular army for permanent service, and the colonels became officials rather than proprietors. The New Model Ground forces was clothed in the civilian costume of the date—aplenty coat, waistcoat, breeches, stockings and shoes (in the case of cavalry, boots)—only with the distinctive colour throughout the army of ruddy and with regimental facings of various colours and breeches of grey. Soon subsequently the helmet was replaced by a grey broad-brimmed hat. From the glaze was somewhen evolved the tunic of the mid-19th century, and the chapeau became the artsy hat of a subsequently generation, which generally disappeared during the decade of 1800–1810 to reappear in the late 19th and early on 20th century, by which time it had its original class of a "slouch-hat." For service in Ireland the New Model Army's red coat was exchanged for one of russet color, simply as scarlet gave way to khaki for Indian service in the 19th century. The Ironsides cavalry, still, wore vitrify leather coats and armour long afterward the infantry had abandoned them.^[11]

Thus the principle e'er since followed—uniform coat and variegated facings—was established. By choice or convenience the majority of the corps out of which the New Model Regular army was formed had come to be dressed in ruby-red, with facings according to the colonel's taste. In Republic of austria sixty years afterwards events took the same course. The colonels there uniformed their men as they saw fit, merely had, probably to obtain "wholesale" prices, agreed upon a serviceable colour, pearl grey. When in 1707 Prince Eugene procured the issue of uniform regulations, few line regiments had to exist re-clothed. In France, as in England and Republic of austria, the cavalry, even so led by the wealthy classes rather than officered by the professional, was not uniformed upon an army organization until after the infantry. But in 1688 six-sevenths of the French cavalry was uniformed in light greyness with ruby facings; and about one-half the dragoon regiments had red uniforms and blueish facings. The Marquis of Louvois, in creating a standing army, had introduced an infantry compatible as a necessary consequence. The native French regiments had light grey coats, the Swiss scarlet, the German black and the Italian blue, with diverse facings. The French greyness was probably decided upon, similar the Austrian gray, as being a skilful "service" colour, which could exist cheaply manufactured.^[11]

Uniforms used by European war machine forces from 1670 to 1865

During the 18th century the normal military compatible in Europe comprised a standardised course of civilian dress (tricorn lid, long-skirted coat, waistcoat and breeches).^[12] 1 distinctively military feature were the long sheet gaiters which came up to mid-thigh and had multiple buttons. Dress was surprisingly standardised between European armies in cut and general outline. The stardom normally lay in colours: blood-red coats for the British and Danes, calorie-free grey then white for the French, Spanish, and Austrian^[13] infantry, dark blueish for the Prussians and Portuguese, light-green for the Russians, etc.^[14] Within each army unlike regiments were commonly distinguished by "facings"—linings, turnbacks, and braiding on coats in colours that were distinctive to ane or several regiments. The Royal Comtois Infantry Regiment of the French Army, for example, had large dark bluish cuffs on its fair coats. To a certain extent the functions required of a given group of soldiers were reflected in their dress. Thus artillery uniforms in most armies were commonly of dark blue, for the practical reason that treatment blackness powder would have soiled lighter coloured clothing.^[fifteen] Infantry drummers and cavalry trumpeters oftentimes had "contrary" colours with coats the colour of the regimental facings and facings the colour of the regimental coats.

Officers (who paid for their own clothing) were slower to accept uniforms. During the late 17th century they were ofttimes dressed in private styles and colours according to their own taste and ways. In part this was because the uniform apparel issued to the rank and file was considered a grade of livery—the marking of a retainer and demeaning to members of the social course from which officers came. One early practice in the French and other armies was for officers to wearable coats of the facing colour of their regiments. Rank insignia as such was unknown until well into the 18th century. The gorget hanging from a chain around the neck (a last survival of medieval armour) was the only universally recognised marker of an officer until epaulettes adult from clusters of ribbons formerly worn on the shoulder.^[xvi] In the British army officers were ordered to adopt epaulettes past a clothing warrant dated 1768. Even when officers' uniforms became the bailiwick of detailed regulation they remained easily distinguishable from those of other ranks, by the better quality and richness of the materials and trimmings used. Golden or silver braiding on the hats and coats of officers ordinarily matched the bronze or pewter of the numerous buttons on regimental clothing.^[17] New uniforms were issued with surprising frequency in some 18th-century armies (once a year in the British service). Information technology should, however, be remembered that a soldier had to march, parade, fight and sometimes sleep in the same garment and that such extras as greatcoats or working clothes were seldom issued until the end of the century.

Ottoman Empire [edit]

Solaks, the Janissary archer babysitter of the Sultan by Lambert de Vos, c. 1575

The highly organised armies of the Ottoman Empire employed distinctive features of dress to distinguish ane corps or class of soldier from some other. An example would be the conical blackness hats of felt worn by the Deli cavalry of the early on 19th century. Yet the bones costume was normally that of the tribal group or social class from which a particular grade of warrior was drawn. As such it was sufficiently varied not to rank as "compatible" in the afterwards sense. An elaborate system of colourful standards largely provided unit identification. Even the appearance of the Janissaries was likely to reflect individual means and taste, although red was a favoured colour and the white felt zarcola headdresses were like. Information technology was not until the reorganisation of the Ottoman Army by Sultan Mahmud II during the 1820s that completely standardised dress was issued.

Later modern era [edit]

The starting time 15 years of the 19th century influenced the appearance of military uniforms until the 1850s. In particular, some uniforms of the Grande Armée – notably those of the cavalry regiments of the Imperial Guard – are considered every bit beingness amid the most striking and distinctive of the time.^[xviii] The price of the French uniforms varied widely, going from 200 to 250 francs for a line infantryman'south outfit to 2000 francs for a cuirassier's compatible.^[xviii] Cavalrymen of the Baby-sit had no fewer than ten different uniforms.^[eighteen] Ane justification for the expensive parade dresses of the Baby-sit was that they would "lead the people of the conquered nations to regard the French uniforms with unreserved astonishment".^[18] As a general trend French republic and other European states replaced their bicornes by feathered shakos or crested helmets, while the coatee-blazon jacket replaced the combination of tailcoat and waistcoat.^[xix]

The ornamental peak of the military machine uniform was reached in the early 19th century in Western Europe. Sometimes the Napoleonic Wars are identified as being the acme of colourful and ornate uniforms, simply actually the several decades of relative peace that followed were a fourth dimension of fifty-fifty more decorative styles and embellishments. The Napoleonic soldier on entrada was likely to present a shabby and nondescript advent as unsuitable peacetime dress chop-chop deteriorated or was replaced with whatever local substitutes were available.

Until subsequently on in the century dyes were primitive and dissimilar batches of uniforms worn by the same unit might present differing shades, especially after exposure to rain and sun. The white uniforms popular among many armies through the 18th and early on 19th centuries soiled hands and had to exist pipeclayed to retain any semblance of cleanliness. Green as worn by Jäger and Burglarize regiments proved particularly prone to fading until suitable chemical dyes were devised in the 1890s. British soldiers were known for their striking red clothing (hence the proper name "Redcoats"). This was actually a fairly dull shade of madder red until the general adoption of scarlet for tunics in the 1870s.

Navies [edit]

In an early instance of armed forces cover-up, the sailors of Imperial Rome are reported to accept worn blue/greyness tunics.^[20] However uniform dress was not a characteristic of navies (officers and marines excepted) until insufficiently recent times. This may reverberate the considerable difference in roles and conditions of service between sailors and soldiers.

Uniforms used by the Imperial Navy during the mid-19th century

Until the middle of the 19th century only officers and warrant officers in the Royal Navy wore regulated uniforms. Through the 18th century to the Napoleonic Wars navy officers had a form of apparel broadly resembling that of army officers, though in dark blue with white facings. In the early 19th century Royal Navy officers developed a more than distinctive course of uniform comprising (in full dress compatible) a cocked hat, dark blue coatee with white collar and cuffs, dark blueish or white trousers, or breeches.^[21] Epaulettes and braiding were gold and varied according to rank. In a simplified form this wearing apparel (without the artsy chapeau) survives equally the mod ceremonial dress for flag officers. Throughout this menses sailors supplied or made their own vesture. Sailors developed traditional clothing suitable for their work: loose-fitting trousers with belts made of rope; tunics that slipped over the head, with arms to above the wrist so that the cloth would not foul in ropes passing through a cleat or pulley. For cold weather, a jumper was knitted from yarn or wool. For moisture atmospheric condition, onetime sail material was fabricated into a glaze (with hat or attached hood) that was waterproofed with tallow or fat. In these days, the officers would designate certain afternoons to "brand and mend" (clothing). A sailor with little clothing to make or mend used this time every bit "time off". In January 1857 the decision was taken to issue consummate uniforms to piffling officers and seamen.^[22] This included features which tin can however be recognised in the Course I compatible of ratings in the modern Royal Navy - notably the wide blue collar with white tapes, a black neckerchief, white lanyard and blue or white jumper. The flared "bell bottom" trousers disappeared afterward the 2d World State of war. Considering of the global dominance of the Regal Navy from Trafalgar to the Second World State of war RN uniforms became the model for almost all other navies. While certain distinctive features emerged - such every bit the red pompon worn on the crown of the French crewman's cap, the open fronted jacket of the High german Navy or the white round cap of the U.South. Navy - the overall pattern remained standard until the development of specialist working or protective rigs during the 2nd World War.

American Civil War [edit]

Colour plate from the State of war of the Rebellion Atlas depicting Matrimony and Confederate uniforms

Information technology is generally supposed that Union soldiers wore blue uniforms and Confederate soldiers wore grey ones. All the same, this was only a generalisation. Both the Matrimony and the Confederacy drew up compatible regulations, but as a affair of practical reality neither side was able to fully equip its men at the outbreak of the war. Existing state units and quickly raised volunteer regiments on both sides wore a broad variety of styles and colours in the early on stages of the war. Some regiments—such every bit the North's Berdan Sharpshooters and the S'due south Alexandria Rifles—had green uniforms, while the French zouave way was widely imitated.

The Marriage eventually got most of its men into regulation Federal bluish simply this ofttimes faded until information technology appeared grayness. Originally the Confederate government relied on the "substitution" system which required united states of america to provide their own uniforms. While the commutation system was in identify, many states were not able to provide an ample supply of uniforms and captured federal uniforms were common. Later in the state of war the Confederate national government provided uniforms from a central depot system, including the famous Richmond and Columbus depots. Many photographs of Confederate soldiers from later in the war (normally casualties) are wearing standardised uniforms. As Sherman's men marched across Georgia and up the Carolinas, they were cut off from supply by the Matrimony and began wearing clothing of Confederate origin. Confederate soldiers used a variety of vegetable and imported dyes which would fade to a "butternut" colour.

Terminate of bright colours [edit]

Until 1914 the majority of armies still provided colourful dress uniforms for all ranks,^{[23] [24]} at least for parade and off-duty article of clothing. These oft retained distinctive features from the by. Most Russian troops, for example, wore the very dark green introduced past Peter the Great in 1700. German infantry more often than not wore the dark "Prussian bluish" of the previous two centuries. This and other features of the celebrated Prussian Ground forces uniform were generally adopted by the other German States as they cruel under Prussian influence before and later on the Franco-Prussian War of 1870. Bavarians, however, connected to wear light blue and Saxon regiments retained a number of distinctions afterward the establishment of the High german Empire (1871).^[25] Two regiments of the Prussian Guard and i of the Russian were still issued with the brass mitre caps of the 18th-century grenadier. The British infantry retained their scarlet tunics for parade and "walking out" habiliment, while the bulk of French regiments wore red trousers with nighttime or light blue tunics. The infantry of the Austro-hungarian empire discarded their historic white tunics in 1868 in favour of dark blue. However, the extremely large number of colours actualization on collars, cuffs, and shoulder straps to distinguish the various regiments were retained.^[26] In that location were for example 10 shades of ruddy, ranging from cerise red to pink.^[27] The Swedish Regular army had favoured night blue with yellowish facings since the beginning of the 18th century.^{[28] [29]} There was space variety, even within smaller armies, betwixt regiments, branches or ranks and the subject is a complex one.^[30]

Coldstream Guards on parade in their crimson-coloured uniform. Past the 20th century nearly militaries had relegated their more than colourful uniforms for ceremonial apply only.

The British outset introduced drab/khaki uniforms in 1848 in India^[31] and this khaki drill became more generally worn from the Indian Rebellion of 1857 both in Bharat and Africa. A darker version, known equally "service drab", was adopted for home service field habiliment in 1902,^{[23] [32]} the same year that the Usa Army as well adopted khaki for non-dress occasions. The Italians introduced grey-green in 1909, followed by the German and Austrian armies who adopted unlike shades of grayness. The Russians had changed to a grayness shade of khaki in 1908, post-obit their experience in the Russo-Japanese State of war of 1905. In that location was however strong attachment to the colourful uniforms as previously worn on all occasions and the process was not an inexorable one. The Danish Regular army adopted grey-light-green uniforms for all occasions in 1903, reverted to a combination of dark and light blue in 1910, took up light greyness in 1915 and finally settled for khaki in 1923.^[33] The Purple Russian armies, following their adoption of khaki-grey field uniforms in 1908, took the opportunity to upgrade their parade uniforms to much more elaborate and colorful styles, and were experimenting with a mix of khaki and bright colours when state of war broke out in 1914.^[34] The Japanese Army probably went further than almost in adopting khaki for all occasions afterwards 1905, although even here officers of all branches and the cavalry of the Imperial Guard retained traditional coloured uniforms for formal and formalism occasions.^[35]

With the exception of Western-influenced units such as the "Ever-Triumphant Army" of the Taiping Rebellion (1851–66), Chinese armies of the 19th century wore apparel that was broadly variegated. Embroidered chest panels and coloured buttons on headdresses were used to distinguish rank and sometimes unit. From 1910 the Royal Chinese Army adopted dark blueish uniforms of Japanese mode with coloured facings of carmine, white, or yellow to distinguish the different branches. The Imperial Guard Division had a light greyness compatible with the same branch colours as the line. A khaki summertime compatible was worn by the entire army.^[36]

Test uniforms created in 1912 by Edouard Detaille for the French infantry in guild to lessen the visibility of the troops on the battleground as tin exist seen on the campaign dresses (right).

By the 20th century, drab colours were increasingly beingness adopted for active service and ordinary duty wear. The Kickoff World State of war finally put an cease to the expensive practice of furnishing colourful uniforms to all ranks of the various armies. Amongst the frontline troops in August 1914 simply the Belgian and French^[37] armies saw agile service in bright colours and onetime fashioned headgear (although the Austro-Hungarian cavalry retained their bluish and cherry-red uniforms for field habiliment afterwards the remainder of the army had gone into state highway greyness in 1909).^[38] The Majestic High german field grey of 1910 retained a number of traditional features such equally spiked helmets, shakos, busbies, and coloured piping from the older uniforms. The demands of modern warfare as well as financial economy before long saw these survivals vanish, and by 1916 all involved armies were in either khaki (Russian federation, Turkish, Serbia, Montenegro, Japan, Greek, French colonial, and Britain), various shades of grey (German language, Italian, Bulgarian, Portuguese, and Austro-Hungarian) or sky blue (French and Romanaian). The coloured uniforms of peacetime were often relegated to depot wear by recruits doing their basic training.

Steel helmets commencement appeared in the form of the "Adrian" helmet adopted by the French Regular army in 1915. The practical advantages of this innovation led the British and German armies to adopt their own helmets past 1916. Other armies followed suit–the Belgians and Italians for example copying the French model and the Austro-Hungarians that of Deutschland.

Interwar menstruum [edit]

The drab uniforms of 1914-18 remained in full general use until the 2nd World War. This was partly for political reasons, since the republican, fascist, Nazis, and communist regimes that replaced many of the old monarchies and empires had trivial involvement in preserving the splendours of their predecessors. However, fifty-fifty in those societies where there was social and political continuity the trend was away from the traditional uniforms worn prior to 1914. The British Army reintroduced total apparel for Guards regiments in 1919-20 and regimental bands by 1928, while permitting officers to wear their mess (evening), blue or dark-green "patrols" (semi-formal) and full dress on appropriate occasions. The French reintroduced "grande tenue" in 1927 for Northward African regiments which were mostly dependent on voluntary recruiting, and after 1930 required all regular officers to acquire dress uniforms in the pre-1914 colours of their branch or regiment. Elsewhere full or coloured dress of traditional cut was more often than not restricted to formal uniforms for officers and long service regulars, ceremonial guards, and a few other express categories. The Spanish Army (which had non been involved in the First World War) exceptionally continued to event coloured uniforms to all its induct rank and file until 1926 and thereafter to the garrisons of Seville, Barcelona, and Madrid for special ceremonials until 1931.^[39] These included ruby trousers for the line infantry, following the French practice in an example of cantankerous-border influence.

The use of steel helmets was past at present almost universal and a number of countries adopted their own designs moving away from the German, British, and French models of the Get-go World War. The Italians, Soviets, Japanese, Swiss, Spanish and Portuguese were amongst these. Steel helmets, originally but items of utilitarian protective clothing, were adopted as parade headdress by the French, German, Italian, and Soviet armies, amid others, betwixt the Wars.

Second World War [edit]

Operational uniforms used past the Belgian, British, French and German forces during the Second World War

Uniforms of varying shades of khaki and gray were universal in the Second World War just the cut and outline appearance of the different armies still made identification in the field relatively straight forward. A Soviet soldier would, for example be distinguishable from his German opponent by his general outline, even in the fog of battle. British, American, Japanese and French uniforms all the same retained some distinctive features, fifty-fifty as they became more and more utilitarian in the class of the War.

The US Army discarded its First Earth State of war style field uniforms in 1941 in favour of a very apparently and practical combat dress in a thin light brown wool shirt (sometimes with an olive greenish cast) and slightly darker trousers. This was worn in conjunction with a smart olive drab "Class A" dress uniform—which in many cases varied to a rich "chocolate" brown tunic worn with khaki trousers. There was a khaki version of the Class A dress uniform for summer wear. The war started with American combat troops wearing gainsay shoes with "spats" (a course of gaiters), replaced later in the war with 2-buckle gainsay boots.

Past contrast, British soldiers, other than officers, had their 1938 battledress for all occasions.

In Federal republic of germany the Nazi regime retained uniforms with many traditional features from Imperial Deutschland for its army uniforms, such as field greyness textile, marching boots (a taller version for officers), collar litzen (braiding) and breeches (for officers and NCOs); German Panzer (tank) troops had a special combat compatible made of black wool and German troops serving in tropical climates had uniforms in a shade of khaki. Subsequently in the war, astringent leather shortages led to the replacement of marching boots with ankle meridian shoes worn with gaiters (Gemäsch).

Uniforms and armed services equipment dating to the Second Globe War on brandish

Imperial Nippon used a low-cal brown or khaki colour for most Imperial army uniforms—though in that location was also a green service dress tunic for officers. Footwear was cherry chocolate-brown jack boots (restricted for wear only by officers), while soldiers wore shoes with leg wrappings puttees).

From 1935 to 1943, Soviet Army uniforms for all troops (except than tank troops) were an intermediate shade of brown; uniforms included a field uniform ("gymnasterka" shirt with collar tabs and a two-button breast opening, belt, breeches, garrison cap, and boots), a service apparel "kittel" tunic worn with breeches or trousers, and a dress uniform "mundir" tunic (worn with deep blue breeches). Soviet tank troops wore the gymnastyrka shirt, kittel (apparel tunic) in a bluish grayness (rather than dark-brown) colour. In 1943, the Soviet Army began to re-adopt many Tsarist Army features, notably braided shoulder boards, which had previously been forbidden (since the founding of the Soviet Regular army) as a sign of an undesirable "social class" mentality. The reintroduction of these epaulettes in 1943 was a relatively inexpensive means of boosting Soviet troop morale. Once reintroduced to the Soviet Army, the apply of shoulder boards was never rescinded and they remained part of the uniform until the dissolution of the Soviet Marriage. The singled-out blue grey colour for tankers was eliminated in 1943, from which bespeak on all units of the Soviet Army wore brownish.

Mod uniforms [edit]

Members of the Brazilian Army's Independence Dragoons. The soldier on the left is wearing the unit of measurement'south ceremonial uniform, while the other is wearing combat fatigues.

Well-nigh military forces accept developed several different uniform types, including gainsay dress, working dress, service or ordinary duty uniforms and (to a very limited extent) ceremonial full dress.

Camouflage [edit]

Today, all armies habiliment some course of camouflage uniforms for grooming and combat duty purposes. Armies facing service in unlike theatres may need several different camouflage uniforms.

Parade [edit]

Traditional coloured uniforms accept long since given fashion to clothing more suited for actual combat in mod conditions. Bright colours are now normally reserved for vesture past units having ceremonial functions, some bands and officers attending formal occasions. Elite units commonly contrive to having some distinctive features. The United States Marine Corps are well known for their traditional midnight blue tunics and sky blue trousers (trimmed in ruddy for NCO and above). These "dress dejection" are worn for formal occasions such as the Marine Corps Birthday Ball in November. The British Household Cavalry and Pes Guards clothing uniforms largely unchanged from 1914 for "public duties" i.e. ceremonial.

The armed forces of many countries have adopted the economic expedient of smartening up combat uniforms for parade by adding medals, neck scarves and coloured berets to the terrain coloured camouflage uniforms intended for combat. As an interesting example of the combining of old and new features of uniform the French Spahis and the Castilian Regulares still wear the flowing cloaks, fezzes, turbans and sashes of the North African colonial regiments from which they are descended with mod khaki or camouflage clothing, on appropriate occasions.

Past state [edit]

France [edit]

Members of the French Ground forces in parade dress

The battle wearing apparel of the French Armed forces is the FÉLIN arrangement combined with SPECTRA helmets. France has adopted a light beige dress uniform which is worn with coloured kepis, sashes, fringed epaulettes, fourragères and other traditional items on advisable occasions. As an alternative parade dress, camouflage uniforms tin can be worn with the dress items noted to a higher place.^[xl] The legionnaires of the Foreign Legion wear white kepis, blue sashes and green and red epaulettes as dress uniform, while the Troupes de marine habiliment blue and red kepis and yellow epaulettes. The sappers of the Strange Legion wear the bones legionnaire uniform only with leather aprons and gloves. The Chasseurs alpins clothing a large beret, known every bit the "tarte" (the pie), and mount outfits. Sailors of the French Navy and Fusiliers Marins wear a dress uniform dating from the 19th century with a distinctive red pompon on the round cap.

The infantry and cavalry of the Republican Guard retain their late 19th-century dress uniforms, every bit practise the armed forces cadets of Saint-Cyr and the École Polytechnique. A dark blue/black evening dress is authorized for officers^[41] and individual branches or regiments may parade bands or "fanfares" in celebrated clothes dating as far back as the Napoleonic catamenia.

Deutschland [edit]

Field grey has been retained in the dress uniforms of the German Army

The High german Ground forces has retained a form of field grey for dress wear though of modern cutting and worn with berets. Some senior officers withal wear peaked caps. The collar braid stripes (Litzen), that distinguished regiments of the Prussian Guard prior to 1918, have go a general feature of modern German uniforms. The Mount infantry troops retain a more traditional dress uniform. The Nationale Volksarmee of the former High german Autonomous Republic also maintained a stone gray uniform, following the Imperial German tradition. Both West and East German military even so retain Prussian-style clothes uniform respectively, with the West abandoned the "Stiefelhosen" (bootcut trousers). Until 1945 Waffenrock (English language: service coat or tunic) – was the generic term for military uniform. This included dress uniforms, parade uniforms, and also epaulettes or shoulder boards with rank insignia, as well as uniform cuffs, badges and other insignia.

India [edit]

During the Indian Rebellion of 1857 the forces of the East India Company in Republic of india dyed their white summer tunics to neutral tones; initially a tan called khaki (from the Hindi word for "dusty"). This was a temporary measure which became standard in the Indian service in the 1880s. Simply during the Second Boer State of war in 1902, did the unabridged British Army standardise on dun for Service Dress including the British Indian Army. The modernistic Indian Regular army uniform standardises on dun for khaki.

The Indian Ground forces camouflage uniform consists of shirts, trousers, and cap of a synthetic material. Shirts are buttoned up with two chest pockets with buttoned flaps. Trousers accept two pockets, two thigh box pockets, and a back pocket. The Indian Ground forces Jungle camouflage dress features a jungle cover-up blueprint and is designed for use in woodland environments. The Indian Army Desert camouflage, which features a desert cover-up pattern, is used by artillery and infantry posted in dusty, semi-desert, and desert areas of Rajasthan and its vicinity.

Parade wearing apparel for the modern Indian Army ordinarily involve the add-on of pagris (turbans), cravats and cummerbunds in regimental colours to olive green uniforms. Gurkha, Kumaoni, Naga, Garhwali and Assam units clothing wide brimmed felt hats.^[42]

Indonesia [edit]

The Indonesian National Armed Forces have different types of uniforms worn past its personnel for sure occasions. The uniforms are basically regulated into several categories including "PDU" ( Pakaian Dinas Upacara ), which is the full dress compatible worn for attending formal state occasions; "PDH" ( Pakaian Dinas Harian ), which is the service dress compatible worn during everyday-indoor duties; "PDL" ( Pakaian Dinas Lapangan ), which is the gainsay dress compatible worn during outdoor duties; and "PDP" ( Pakaian Dinas Parade ), which is the parade dress uniform worn during military parades and other formalism occasions.^[43] Each uniform category consists of different types which usually consists of type I until blazon Iv (four types). The compatible regulations are basically unlike for men and women. The Army, Navy, and Air Force basically have the aforementioned regulations for the compatible, but differ in terms of color and certain designs which correspond their corresponding branches.

Italian republic [edit]

The Italian Armed Forces use a range of different uniforms and uniform variations for each of their four branches: the Italian Army, the Italian Air Force, the Italian Navy and the Carabinieri Corps.

The traditional headdresses of the Bersaglieri, Horse Artillery and Alpini are still worn by the Italian Regular army, the Bersaglieri even wearing their flowing feathers on steel helmets as part of their combat wearing apparel. Officers of all branches take a dark bluish dress uniform of modern cut while the Corazzieri (Cuirassiers of the Presidential Baby-sit), Mounted Carabinieri and cadets of the Military Academy of Modena clothing formalism uniforms which date dorsum to the 19th century. Individual regiments with a long history, such every bit the Lancieri di Montebello and the Granatieri di Sardegna occasionally parade honour guards or other detachments in their pre-1915 dark blue uniforms.

Russian federation [edit]

A female contingent from the Russian War machine in their formal uniforms during a parade, 2013.

The Russian Ground forces has retained a number of features, such as officers' epaulettes, high boots and long greatcoats with collar patches for all ranks, which can be traced back to Tsarist days. The clothes uniform for officers is of the same distinctive bluish/light-green colour as "Tsar's greenish", worn until 1914. The Kremlin Regiment has in recent years been issued with a special ceremonial compatible which closely resembles that of the infantry regiments of the Imperial Guard immediately prior to the First World War. Women'southward uniforms in the Russian Regular army feature a brim instead of trousers and a garrison cap instead of a beret or peaked cap. Since 1994 the compatible (or its main details) has undergone a series of changes in 1999, 2005, 2010, 2013 and 2017.

Spain [edit]

The Spanish Army has reintroduced a number of dress uniforms dating back to the pre-1931 Monarchy. These include a diversity of parade uniforms worn by various units of the recreated Royal Guard also as the traditional dark blue and white uniforms of the Guardia Civil and the blueish tunics and red trousers of the 1st Infantry Regiment. While just worn by limited numbers of personnel on special occasions, these uniforms include such distinctively Spanish features every bit the "Ros" shako of the infantry and the Purple Baby-sit, and the Tricorn of the Civil Guard. Officers of all branches clothing night blue or white gala uniforms for social and formalism occasions.

United Kingdom [edit]

Regal Irish gaelic Rangers soldiers and officers in Numbers 8, 14, 10, one, 2 and 12 dress, flanked by a bandsman, bugler, piper and drummer in full-dress.

The British Army more often than not retains its traditional total clothes uniforms only for bands and units performing ceremonial functions (notably the Household Brigade). An endeavor dating from the early on 1950s to provide other British soldiers with a plainer (and cheaper) dark blueish or green No.1 dress did not meet with much enthusiasm; indeed, most soldiers are not issued with their ain No.1 dress, and the virtually mutual occasion when it is now worn is for a nuptials. Parade clothes for about British regiments is khaki No. 2 dress with No 1 Dress coloured peaked caps, berets or Glengarry bonnets. Following the introduction of the Combat Soldier 95 (CS95) vesture organisation of Disruptive Blueprint Textile (DPM) and later Multi Terrain Pattern (MTP) this is worn for nigh day-to-24-hour interval concern replacing the old 'working' uniform of green Lightweight Trousers and Shirt/Jersey, albeit that these are nonetheless used as 'Barrack Clothes' by some office based personnel. Nonetheless, the proposed Future Army Dress (FAD), which is currently existence developed by the British Army, includes a return to Banter Dress for all arms, including 'non-iron' shirts and trousers in a similar blueprint to that of the current No.2 Dress uniform.^[44] Tradition is even so still strong in British war machine culture and there are many regimental distinctions added to some uniforms. One example is the Male monarch'southward Royal Hussars who wear their historic crimson trousers with all orders other than fatigue or combat dress. The "trews" or tartan trousers of Lowland regiments have been retained for sure orders of dress in the confederate Royal Regiment of Scotland, although the kilt of the Highland regiments is the parade dress. Mess apparel in traditional scarlet, blue or green is worn past officers and senior NCOs of all regiments for formal evening dress.

U.s. [edit]

A yeoman dressed in BDU is reenlisted past a United States Army general dressed in ACUs. The ACU replaced the BDU as the army's gainsay uniform during the 21st century

In recent decades, many militaries around the world take gradually simplified the range of uniforms issued. For example, most U.S. servicemen now wear camouflage utilities for daily duty and all but the near formal occasions-whereas in the past the service uniform would be worn unless a soldier was engaged in a muddied or concrete task. Every bit an example of modern do, the U.s. Marine Corps has a singled-out blue wearing apparel uniform, but other uniforms include khaki push-up shirts, forest-green coats, and combat camouflage. In other services where camouflage is normally a non-issue, such as navies, coloured uniforms are withal issued, eastward.g. the United States Navy's white officer uniform for warm weather. The United States Armed Forces allows every co-operative to develop and utilize their own uniforms. In contempo years, many Battle Apparel Uniforms with famous US Woodland pattern were replaced. The marine Corps developed new digital MARPAT pattern, while the Us Regular army adult Universal Blueprint (ACU) for its standard combat uniforms, though a special camouflage pattern (multicam) more than appropriate for use in Transitional islamic state of afghanistan was fielded in 2010. Popular disdain amidst United states troops for the beret headgear every bit role of the "default" headgear for wear with the ACU uniform led to a regulation revision in 2011, with the standard "default" headgear for wear with ACUs at present existence the ACU patrol cap, which provides a much better degree of dominicus protection for the eyes). The U.S. Army has since developed the OCP uniform (starting in 2016), going dorsum to a green camo pattern, with coyote brown undershirts, boots, and belt. The U.Due south. Regular army is still in transition between the onetime ACU pattern and the new OCP pattern. The U.Due south. Armed services uses dissimilar camo patterns when deployed in unlike combat zones (in theater). U.Due south. Army generally uses the Multi-Cam pattern in Iraq and Transitional islamic state of afghanistan, but is discipline to change due to the new OCP uniform existence issued.

Based on recommendations made during a comprehensive briefing by Chore Forcefulness Uniform on 24 Feb. 2006, CNO Michael 1000. Mullen agreed to production of both a BDU-style working uniform for all Sailors Due east-i to O-10 and a more than applied, year-circular service uniform to withstand day-to-twenty-four hours classroom and office-like environments where the service uniform is typically worn. The new Navy Working Compatible (NWU) is now worn by naval sailors and officers. On 6 June 2006 the US Army announced that its green and white uniforms would exist superseded by the Army Bluish Compatible every bit a universal service uniform in the historic colours of dark blueish (for tunics) and calorie-free blue (for trousers). The new service dress was introduced in 2007 and became obligatory for all ranks by 2011.

The Air Force makes apply of its Airman Battle Uniform (ABU) as a common daily uniform. The breakdown is of sage green, foliage dark-green, sand tan, and a greenish blue arranged in elongated digital stripes. The footwear worn with ABUs are sage dark-green suede boots and head covering is the ABU pattern Patrol Cap, or the beret of the relevant career field (Security Forces, Special Operations Weather Squad, SERE Instructor, Pararescue, and Combat Controller). The purpose of the colors and patterns in this uniform serve to assist one alloy into the concrete-like color of the flight line on which the uniform is well-nigh frequently worn outside. Aside from ABUs, the almost common uniform to exist worn would exist dress blues, which incorporate a calorie-free navy blue for bottoms, and the same shade to match the acme jacket. Underneath the top jacket either a long sleeve or brusk sleeve sky blue shirt may be worn with a necktie or neck tab whenever wearing the peak jacket. The jacket is reserved for more formal events. Placed on the outermost tunic, Airmen may pin their ribbons and career badge as optional with their name plate as the only mandatory item. For headgear a flight cap of matching shade to the pants and similar in appearance to the former Army green garrison cap and the shoes are a blackness high polished dress shoe. Other, merely not standard, headgear includes the apartment top mess dress cap and the advisable beret career field beret. Blues, though the second most used uniform, receive far less service than ABUs. Those performing duties non suited for the formal wearing apparel uniform may wear ABUs instead. The Mess Uniform uses the same pants and jacket as dress blues, but with a white under-shirt, bow tie and cumberband, and the same blackness dress shoes(<AFI 36-2903>).

Purpose [edit]

Distinctive article of clothing [edit]

I purpose of military uniforms is to clearly distinguish combatants who are protected by the laws of state of war from other persons carrying weapons, who do not always enjoy such protection.

Another purpose in historical times was to make it hard for deserters to avoid detection; military uniforms were then distinctive with many metal buttons and unique colours that they could not be modified into unrecognisable wearable. If the commander raised and equipped the troops out of his own pocket, the appearance of the soldiers was as well designed to impress his superiors.

Attractive or distinctive uniforms could make a military machine career desirable to young men (the "peacock" factor). Equally late as 1914 the British Army plant that regiments with particularly striking off-duty or parade uniforms found it easier to attract recruits. Thus the four Rifle regiments in their sombre dark light-green had a higher public profile than the great mass of line infantry in scarlet.

Nationalism [edit]

During the Boxer Rebellion, the Muslim Gansu Braves nether Full general Dong Fuxiang used traditional Chinese clothing instead of western-style uniforms, reflecting the opposition of the movement to foreign influences.^{[45] [46]}

Religion [edit]

The patched jibba, a garment traditionally worn by followers of Sufi religious orders, was adopted as military wearing apparel in the 1880s by the Sudanese anṣār (Arabic: أنصار) (followers of the religious leader Muhammad Ahmad al-Mahdi).^[47] The Anṣār rebelled against the Turkish Ottoman dominion of Sudan, due, among other reasons, to the lax religious standards of the occupation.^[48] The jibba was a ragged, patched garment which symbolised a rejection of material wealth past its wearer and a delivery to a religious mode of life.^[49] Muhammad Ahmad al-Mahdi decreed that this garment should exist worn past all his soldiers in battle. The decision to adopt the religious garment as military dress, enforced unity and cohesion amidst his forces, and eliminated traditional visual markers differentiating potentially fractious tribes.^[50] During the years of disharmonize between Mahdist and Anglo-Egyptian forces at the terminate of the 19th century, the Mahdist military jibba became increasingly stylised and were specifically colour-coded to denote the rank and military division of the wearer.^[50]

Visibility or camouflage [edit]

Throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, the typical colour scheme included bright and highly contrasting colour arrangements which made it easier to distinguish units in battle. Coloured uniforms were useful in enabling commanders to spot troop locations on battlefields that were frequently completely obscured by fume from the black gunpowder used in both muskets and cannons. Large flags were another aid to co-ordination and location for commanders.

Still, with the growing prevalence of accurate rifles and other ranged firearms as standard weapons for infantry, it was found, from near the 1880s on, that these colours made soldiers easy targets for enemies to shoot at a distance. These weapons used a new smokeless pulverisation that generated far less smoke leaving the battleground un-obscured by smoke and making brightly coloured troops into highly visible targets. In reaction, the various militaries, commencement with the British Army, changed the colours, predominantly to such ones that composite in more with the terrain, such every bit khaki, grey or olive drab for the purposes of camouflage. In addition, this idea was followed with uniforms suitable for particular climates and seasons such as white for snowy regions and tan for sandy ones. At present about armies have some form of camouflaged uniform, such as the British Confusing Pattern Fabric.

Soldiers of the Canadian Army in CADPAT cover-up uniforms. Camouflaged uniforms are used to brand its wearers less visible.

Many modern military forces now use a organisation of combat uniforms that non only break up the outline of the soldier for use on the battleground during the daytime, merely also employ a distinctive appearance that makes them difficult to observe with light amplification devices, such as nighttime-vision goggles (NVGs). These modern "digital" print uniforms present a somewhat splotched advent, generally of somewhat muted colours, that provide visual darkening in a diversity of surround. The United states of america Army at present issues, for all theatres of operations, the Regular army Combat Uniform, which replaces the Battle Dress Uniform and the Desert Combat Uniform. The colour scheme on these ACUs is a faded green/grayness/tan pattern of random-appearing rectangular shapes. Pocket outlines on the front of the jackets are outset from vertical, so as to present a less distinctive straight line for the middle to follow while using NVGs. The U.South. Marine Corps also issues similar uniforms with their MARPAT pattern, the U.S. Marines considered adopting CADPAT for their new design, however, the Canadian government owns the copyright for the blueprint which it had been developing since 1988. The Canadian authorities supplied information and manufacturers to aid the Marines with the development of their own estimator-generated digital pattern pixelated uniform.^[51] Though their uniforms are non designed to supercede both woodland pattern uniforms and desert pattern, since both woodland digital and desert digital patterns are bachelor. Similarly the U.s. Air Force has begun fielding digital pattern uniforms to their service members, with those uniforms featuring a blue/greyness/tan pattern).

Uniform of the day [edit]

The "uniform of the day," when referred to in a military sense, is the designated uniform all military personnel are required to wearable on that item day. It is often designated by the senior officeholder on the base. Normally the uniform is adamant past the seasons (eastward.m. winter blues or summer whites for Navy) however, special occasions (east.g. visiting dignitaries) or weather changes may dictate changes to the uniform of the solar day. The uniform of the day didactics is circulate over the 1MC at reveille on board U.S. Navy ships.^[52]

Logistics [edit]

Mass-produced uniforms are a expert way to equip thousands of soldiers speedily and efficiently. Uniforms in standard sizes and designs are also easier to supercede on campaign. As an case, English levies raised for service in Ireland or the Continent during the 17th century came to be provided with clothing purchased in majority and oftentimes of a standard color or cut. This was yet only a temporary wartime expedient and the evolution of uniforms as such had to wait on the formulation of a organization of permanent regiments, notably by the French Monarchy (see above).

Psychological warfare [edit]

18th century Prussian grenadier mitre caps. Some military units have historically adopted alpine headgear as a part of their compatible to exaggerate the wearer'due south height.

The appearance of the troops was frequently enhanced in some manner to intimidate the enemy. The tall, mitre-shaped caps worn by grenadiers in the 18th century made their wearers announced bigger and more than impressive. King Frederick William I of Prussia had a guard unit of especially tall men with tall mitre hats, the Potsdam Giants. Prussian hussars wore the "skull and crossbones" (Totenkopf) on their hats from 1740 to 1918. This tradition continues into the present day with olfactory organ art and fin flash on gainsay aircraft.

The warriors of ancient Sparta, unremarkably known for their ascetic lifestyle, wore expensive red cloaks^{[ citation needed ]}. Reportedly this was adopted equally the only color on which the spilled blood of their enemies would not leave stains. In that location is a popular myth that the historic red coat of the English soldier was adopted for the same reason (in fact, claret does testify as a nighttime stain on red clothing and the British red glaze originated every bit a historical accident, possibly as a result of the relative cheapness of madder ruddy dyes at the time of the English Civil War in the mid-17th century).

Hair styles in armed forces organisations usually follow civilian fashions, merely sometimes certain features are associated with soldiers. In the belatedly 19th century, the ornate beards and moustaches worn by the officers of the mean solar day, which complemented their rank and age, were also worn by socially equivalent civilians. In the 20th and 21st centuries, the "high and tight" haircut often distinguished depression-ranking soldiers, particularly infantrymen, or, in the United States, Marines and Soldiers of all ranks. The principal purpose, however, of the "high and tight" is to prevent lice and promote general hygiene. Modernistic regulations against beards also ensure a skilful seal is fabricated around the face when using a gas mask.

Components of military uniform [edit]

• Aiguillette
• Badges
• Bearskin
• Beret
• Brassard
• Busby
• Buttons
• Coatee
• Czapka
• Epaulette
• Fez
• Fourragère
• Garrison cap
• Glengarry
• gorget
• gymnasterka
• Hackle
• Kepi
• Medal
• Peaked cap
• Pickelhaube
• Pith helmet
• Red coat
• Ribbon bar
• Rogatywka
• Sailor cap
• Sam Browne belt
• Sash
• Shako
• Stable chugalug
• Tunic
• Ushanka

Come across also [edit]

Military compatible types

• Full dress uniform
• Mess dress compatible
• Service wearing apparel uniform
• Gainsay compatible
• Concrete training compatible

Other

• Armour
• Costumes
• Facial hair in the military
• Militaria
• Snow camouflage#Military usage

Related lists

• Listing of camouflage patterns
• Egyptian Army Uniform
• Greek Army uniforms
• Swedish Military Uniform
• Tanzanian Armed Forces Uniform
• Blazon 07
• Uniforms of the Australian Army
• Uniforms of the Canadian Armed Forces
• Uniforms of the Imperial Japanese Army
• Uniforms of Iraqi Armed Forces
• Uniforms of the New Zealand Army
• Uniforms of the Royal Danish Army

Citations [edit]

1. ^ Campbell, Duncan B. (24 July 2012). Spartan Warrior 735-331 BC. p. xx. ISBN978-1-84908-700-i.
2. ^ Michael Simkins, page 17 "The Roman Army from Hadrian to Constantine", Osprey Publishing 1979"
3. ^ Windrow, Martin (1996). Royal Rome at State of war. p. 16. ISBN962-361-608-2.
4. ^ Sumner, Graham (20 May 2003). Roman Armed services Clothing (2) Advert 200–400. pp. 12–sixteen. ISBNi-84176-559-vii.
5. ^ Simkins, Michael (1974). The Roman Army from Caesar to Trajan. p. 31. ISBN0-85045-191-4.
6. ^ page 21 The Oxford History of the British Regular army, David Chandler ISBN 0-19-285333-3
7. ^ Dawson, Timothy (19 June 2007). Byzantine Infantrymen. Eastern Roman Empire c.900-1204. p. 19. ISBN978-1846031052.
8. ^ Brzezinski, Richard (25 July 1991). The Army of Gustavus Adolphus one Infantry. p. 22. ISBN0-85045-997-4.
9. ^ ^{a b} Asquith 1981, p. 32.
10. ^ Pfanner 2004, pp. 105–107.
11. ^ ^{a b c} Atkinson 1911, p. 582.
12. ^ John Mollo, pp. 44-49 "Armed forces Fashion", ISBN 0-214-65349-viii
13. ^ Summerfield, Stephen (2015). Austrian Infantry of the 7 Years State of war. p. 28. ISBN978-1-907417-52-8.
14. ^ John Mollo, p. 45 "War machine Mode", ISBN 0-214-65349-8
15. ^ Kannik 1968, p. 147.
16. ^ John Mollo, p. 49 "Armed services Fashion", ISBN 0-214-65349-viii
17. ^ Summerfield, Stephen (2015). Austrian Infantry of the Seven Years War. pp. 42–43. ISBN978-one-907417-52-8.
18. ^ ^{a b c d} Uniforms : Napoleonic Wars : French : Russian : Austrian : British : Prussian, Napoleonistyka.atspace.com, archived from the original on 19 December 2012, retrieved thirteen January 2013
19. ^ Kannik 1968, p. 270.
20. ^ D'Amato, Raffaele (24 Nov 2009). Imperial Roman Naval Forces 31 BC-AD 500. p. 44. ISBN978-i-84603-317-nine.
21. ^ Haythornthwaite, Philip (30 September 1993). Nelson'south Navy. pp. 15–20. ISBN1-85532-334-vi.
22. ^ Wilkinson-Latham, Robert (15 June 1977). The Majestic Navy 1790-1970. p. 14. ISBN0-85045-248-one.
23. ^ ^{a b} Tynan, Jane (2013). British Army Compatible and the Beginning World State of war: Men in Khaki. Palgrave Macmillan.
24. ^ Kannik 1968, p. 231.
25. ^ page 588, Book 27, Encyclopædia Britannica – 11th edition
26. ^ Lucas, J.S. (1973). Austro-Hungarian Infantry 1914-1918. p. 56. ISBN0-85524-097-0.
27. ^ Keegan, John (1998). The First World War. p. 86. ISBN0-09-180178-8.
28. ^ Knotel, Richard (Jan 1980). Uniforms of the World. pp. 416–418. ISBN0-684-16304-7.
29. ^ Von Koppen, Fedor (26 February 2015). The Armies of Europe. pp. 61–62. ISBN978-1-78331-175-0.
30. ^ Haswell Miller, A.Due east. (17 November 2009). Vanished Armies. p. 8. ISBN978-0-74780-739-1.
31. ^ "Khaki Uniform 1848-49: Showtime Introduction past Lumsden and Hodson", Periodical of the Society for Army Historical Enquiry, JSAHR 82 (Winter 2004) pp 341-347
32. ^ Kannik 1968, p. 235.
33. ^ Walbom-Pramvig, B. (1988), Uniformer, Faner og Vaben i Den Danske Haer fra 1659 til 1980 (in Danish), Frederikssund: Thorsgaard, pp. 18 & xviii, ISBN87-88165-47-7
34. ^ Mollo, John (1979). Uniforms of the Imperial Russian Army. pp. 47–48. ISBN0-7137-0920-0.
35. ^ Nakanishi, Ritta (1991), Japanese Military Uniforms, Tokyo: Dai Nippon Jaiga, pp. 6 & 22, ISBN4-499-20587-5
36. ^ Knotel, Richard (January 1980). Uniforms of the World. p. 54. ISBN0-684-16304-7.
37. ^ Mirouze, Laurent (2007). The French Army in the Starting time World War - to Battle 1914. pp. 49–50. ISBN978-3-902526-09-0.
38. ^ Kannik 1968, p. 236.
39. ^ Bueno 1983, p. 26.
40. ^ Galliac, Paul (2012). Fifty' Armee Francaise. pp. 89–xc. ISBN978-2-35250-195-iv.
41. ^ Galliac, Paul (2012). L' Armee Francaise. pp. 92–93. ISBN978-ii-35250-195-4.
42. ^ Gaylor, John (1992). Sons of John Company. The Indian & Islamic republic of pakistan Armies 1903-1991. pp. 329–330. ISBN0-946771-98-seven.
43. ^ "Peraturan Panglima Tentara Nasional Indonesia Nomor 11 Tahun 2019 Tentang Seragam Dinas Tentara Nasional Indonesia". National Armed Forces Commander RegulationNo. 11of2019 (in Indonesian). Commander of the Indonesian National Armed Forces.
44. ^ cs 95 the big issue !, Arrse.co.u.k., archived from the original on vi Baronial 2012, retrieved 20 January 2013
45. ^ Elliott 2002, p. 126.
46. ^ Lanxin Xiang 2003, p. 207.
47. ^ Mahdist Tunic. V&A digital drove catalogue. Retrieved December 19, 2020.
48. ^ Grand. Warburg, Islam, Sectarianism and Politics in Sudan Since the Mahdiyya, Hurst & Company, 2003, p. 28
49. ^ Mahdist Shirt; jibba. British Museum digital collection catalogue. Retrieved December 19, 2020.
50. ^ ^{a b} The jibba: vesture for Sufi and soldier. Making African Connections. Retrieved December 19, 2020.
51. ^ "CADPAT or MARPAT Cover-up".
52. ^ Uniform Regulations. United states of america Marine Corps. 1922. p. 1 sec. 4.

General sources [edit]

• Bueno, José María (1983), El Ejército de Alfonso Thirteen - La Infantería de Línea (in Spanish), Madrid: Barreira, p. 26, ISBN84-86071-02-X
• Elliott, Jane East. (2002), Some did it for civilization, some did it for their state: a revised view of the boxer war, Chinese University Press, p. 126, ISBN962-996-066-4 , retrieved 28 June 2010
• Kannik, Preben (1968), Military Uniforms of the World , London: Blandford P., ISBN0713704829
• Lanxin Xiang (2003), The origins of the Boxer War: a multinational study, Psychology Press, p. 207, ISBN0-7007-1563-0 , retrieved 28 June 2010 (whorl downwards to next folio from 206 to go to 208)
• Pfanner, Toni (March 2004), "Military uniforms and the police force of state of war" (PDF), International Review of the Red Cross (IRRC), 86 (853): 93–124, doi:10.1017/S1560775500180113, S2CID 144589400
• Asquith, Stuart (1981), New Model Army 1645-60 (illustrated ed.), Osprey, p. 32, ISBN9780850453850

Attribution

• This commodity incorporates text from a publication at present in the public domain:Atkinson, Charles Francis (1911). "Uniforms". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 582–593.

External links [edit]

• "Images of military uniforms". NYPL Digital Gallery.
• Anne S. G. Brown War machine Collection, Brown University Library
• Company of Armed forces Historians Website
• {US} Civil War Onetime Photographs Folio
• U.S. Civil War Era Uniforms and Accouterments
• Soviet and Russian federation uniforms and insignias
• The Evolution of Military Camouflage
• Xl plate carriers

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_uniform

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